HEALTH Conspiracy: SCIENCE

Showing posts with label SCIENCE. Show all posts

Sunday, March 29, 2020

Corona Virus pada Hewan Peliharaan

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By <a href="https://www.djendrals.my.id/?m=1" target="_blank">djendrals</a></div>
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Sering banget ada yg tanya ke dokter: </div>
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1. Dok kucing punya virus corona ga si? 
2. Dokter jelasin ada, terus gimana dok? 
3. Nular dong? 
4. Engga dong?</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcnXfciUSB9DjK7n7qElvdV2fkEPavx9C6cRTsVsUtWRQ6h0e3Afglk3xJL1n1RQ-B7GbseCeqFfPRXwMczzRZUe43dxboczx2YZ1IrjF6Y3Mr0284Xv9K2vl7PwASPLxdBdCsRy0abxs/s1600/IMG_20200328_092527.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1600" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcnXfciUSB9DjK7n7qElvdV2fkEPavx9C6cRTsVsUtWRQ6h0e3Afglk3xJL1n1RQ-B7GbseCeqFfPRXwMczzRZUe43dxboczx2YZ1IrjF6Y3Mr0284Xv9K2vl7PwASPLxdBdCsRy0abxs/s320/IMG_20200328_092527.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Jadi corona virus itu dalam tantanan nomerklatur tingkatan family coronaviridae, nah untuk genusnya ada 4 bagian genus yang mindok tau ada alpa, beta, gama dan delta corona virus. </div>
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Untuk spesies virusnya sendiri juga banyak per genus nya, seperti yang ada pada bagan ini, untuk spesies alfacoronavirus yang ada pada kucing ada 2 (brdasarkan beberapa jurnal) ada FECV ( menyeramg sistem pencernaan)  tidak terlalu berbahaya namun bisa bermutasi sehingga membahayakan jika tidak segera ditangani dan FIP (peradangan pada pembungkus perut / peritonium sehingga perut menjadi besar berisi cairan) lebih berbahaya dan menyebabkan banyak kasus kematian pada kucing.</div>
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Jenis corona virus pada kucing juga sangat mudah menular pada kucing yang tinggal bersamaan seperti cattery dan shelter  serta dapat beresiko tinggi terhadap penyebaran virus ini. Sehingga menjaga kenersihan dan sanitasi kandang serta alat pemberian pakan mutlak diperlukan. 
Tapi eits, ini gk nular ke manusia kok. </div>
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Untuk anjing sendiri ada juga namanya canine corona virus. 
Virus ini punya 2 tipe yaitu tipe 1 dan 2 namun yang paling berbahaya adalah tipe 1 ccov sendiri memiliki gejala yang mirip dengan parvo virus yang dapat merusak villi usus sehingga terjadi radang pada sistem pencernaan sehingga dibutuhkan uji laboratorium untuk memastikan, 
Kedua dari golongan betacorona virus yaitu canine respiratory coronavirus atau sering disebut kennel cough, menyerang sistem pernafasan 
Dan tidak menular ke manusia juga</div>
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Sehingga dapat disimpulkan  bahwa jenis corona virus pada hewan kesayangan anjing dan kucing berbeda spesies dengan corona pada manusia ya.</div>
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Tapi tetap selalu cuci tangan setelah memegang anabulmu ya dan jaga selalu kesehatan mu dan anabulmu .. 😘😘🤗</div>
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#nemudigoogle #google.com 
#djendralangela #stayathome #workfromhome #dirumahaja #ngajedok 
Silahkan share ya</div>

By djendrals Sering banget ada yg tanya ke dokter: 1. Dok kucing punya virus corona ga si? 2. Dokter jelasin ada, terus gimana dok? ...

Monday, September 23, 2013

PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION OF WOMEN IN SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP

<div>By <a href="https://www.djendrals.my.id/?m=1" target="_blank">djendrals</a></div>The first reaction in women who experience sexual stimulation is produced sap mucus vagina, labia enlargement, lengthening and widening of the vagina. These changes are temporary and rarely last long after orgasm. Vaginal mucus is the result of transudation (sweating phenomenon) across the vagina, where the production will stop when sexual stimulation disappeared, eventually sap dries quickly (Budiyanto, 1997). 
 
The hymen is usually torn at first sexual intercourse. However, sexual intercourse can also occur without causing damage to the hymen, the vaginal introitus when wide enough. Clinical study results showed that the pain usually arises at the time of the deflorasi, but bleeding arise, either from fourchet hymen or very little. The absence of bleeding suggests also that the strain has undergone vaginal introitus without any rips, or tears occur in avascular tissue (Budiyanto, 1997). 
 
Deflorasi evidence can not always be found. Minimal found a small tear in the hymen that does not extend to the peripheral. May also be found a small tear that has healed due to the use of tampons in the vagina. In addition, the hymen can also be torn by a finger or other object (Budiyanto, 1997). 
 
Absence of a tear in the hymen, does not mean that the woman is not going penile penetration, otherwise the rips just a sign of something blunt object into the vagina. The process of healing from a torn hymen is generally achieved within 7-10 days after penetration occurs (Knight, 1991; Idries, 1997). 
 
During intercourse, during ejaculation, the semen will fill the vaginal canal. Position changes in women can cause semen out again and makes stain on pubic hair, perineum, upper thighs, as well as sheets or underwear. Ejaculation outside the vagina can lead to deposit semen in various parts of the body (Idries, 1997). 
 
After ejaculation occurs, the sperm in the vagina can still move within the next 4-5 hours. Sperm that do not move are still to be found until about 24-36 hours after ejaculation. Although victims (women) have died, sperm can still be found up to 7-8 days (Idries, 1991). 
 
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By djendrals The first reaction in women who experience sexual stimulation is produced sap mucus vagina, labia enlargement, lengthening and...

Thursday, September 19, 2013

HEART DISORDER SYMPTOMS (Hepatitis C)

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">By <a href="https://www.djendrals.my.id/?m=1" target="_blank">djendrals</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
Liver
disorder itself it is diversified, with the number of patients was small. Number
of people with hepatitis C only about 3% of the population. Not
to mention the hepatitis A and B, which are more numerous. Especially
when coupled with fatty liver, cirrhosis, drug intoxication, liver fibrosis,
and other diseases that her name not so familiar.
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Diseases was generally characterized by an increase in SGOT-SGPT numbers. However,
the two enzymes was not 100% produced by the liver. A
small portion is also produced by muscle cells, heart, pancreas, and kidneys. That
is why, when muscle cells are damaged, the two levels of this enzyme increases. </div>
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Damage to the muscle cells can be caused by many things, such as strenuous
physical activity, injury, trauma, or even scrapings. When
we got the intramuscular injection (injection via the muscle tissue), muscle
cells can have a bit of damage and increase the levels of transaminase enzymes. In
short, there are many factors that can cause an increase in SGOT-SGPT. </div>
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Compared with SGOT, SGPT is more specific liver cells showed irregularities,
because only a small SGPT produced by cells nonliver. Typically,
factors not nonliver SGOT-SGPT increase drastically. Generally,
less than 100% exceeded the upper limit of normal (BAN). For
example, if BAN alanine aminotransferase levels were 65 units / liter (U / l),
the increase was due to play football usually doubled. </div>
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If levels exceed twice, the sign began red light to watch. Do
not be "hurt" if doctors suspect we suffer heartache. BAN
itself can vary between laboratories.
If ever a blood test
in two different labs, and beyond the upper limit of normal (BAN) are
different, you do not have to wonder.
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"The upper limit of normal depending on the reagents and equipment used. In
certain hospitals, BAN can SGPT levels 40 u / l, but in other clinics may 65 u
/ l. It's just a matter of technical
inspection. That's why, we can not express the
level of SGOT-SGPT of absolute numbers, but of the relative value (compared to
surpass the upper limit of normal "BAN"). </div>
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SGOT-SGPT are two transaminase enzymes are produced mainly by the liver cells. When
liver cells are damaged, for example in the case of hepatitis or cirrhosis,
usually two levels of this enzyme increases.
Hence, by the results
of laboratory tests, both considered to illustrate a disturbance in the heart. </div>
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SGOT-SGPT
were slightly above normal does not necessarily indicate someone is sick. It
could have happened is not due to an increase in liver disorders. "If
we play ball after a blood test or scrapings, SGOT-SGPT very likely we will go
up," said dr. Rino A.
Gani, Sp.PD-KGEH,
hepatolog Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. 
SGOT-SGPT levels are also easy up and down.
Maybe when examined,
the levels are high. But after that, he was back to normal. In
others, may now be examined, the levels were normal, but usually it high. Therefore,
a single examination alone can not be used as actual argument to make
conclusions.</div>
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Planned suicide</div>
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As with other organs, the liver has a
defense mechanism. When attacked by a virus, he tried to
resist. If defeated, he had two choices: fight
to the death or suicide. On hepatitis A and B, the liver took
the first option, to fight to the death.
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Once the liver cells die, the walls collapsed and eventually liver becomes
inflamed. This condition causes increased
SGOT-SGPT levels in the blood. Because the levels
are elevated, doctors diagnose more easily.
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But
in hepatitis C, more complex affairs.
Not all liver cells
still responded to defeat by fighting to the death. Others
in a planned suicide. In medical terms it is called apotosis
(programmed cell death). Suicide event is not without purpose. With
suicide, liver cells try to "kill" the virus indirectly. </div>
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One of the weaknesses of the virus, which does not have its own mechanism in
the breed. They are bred by utilizing the
mechanism of living cells of other living creatures. In
the case of hepatitis, carrying cells are liver cells. With
suicide, trying to make viral liver cells can not proliferate. </div>
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From
suicide, liver cells do not rupture, but shrinking. What
followed instead of the inflammatory process, but shrinking. Because
the liver is not inflamed, ALT levels were not affected. That's
what causes people with hepatitis C may have normal ALT levels, even though he
has suffered a chronic illness. It's also what makes
the doctor must repeatedly adjusted his glasses, because the diagnosis is
difficult. </div>
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Need another test
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SGOT-SGPT
only describes the level of damage to the liver cells. Both
of the other enzymes can not describe the level of ability of liver cells to
regenerate themselves. Under normal conditions, the body's
cells have the ability to regenerate.
If defective, they
will replace it with new cells. Regeneration ability
is what will offset cell damage.
Things that are not
reflected in the results of tests SGOT-SGPT.
It could be someone
SGOT-SGPT increased to above normal, but the liver was not actually in a state
hospital, because the cells that have died immediately replaced by new cells. </div>
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Although SGOT-SGPT increase could be due to many factors, increasing both
should remain wary. Throughout still have two eyes, we can
not look at him with one eye. Although only
slightly above normal too, the cause must be traced, to be sure there is no
disease that attacks. Levels above the normal so we should
suspect the sign of a disturbance in the heart.
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On
hepatitis C, if the SGPT to exceed twice the upper limit of normal (BAN), the
hepatolog agreed to take therapeutic action.
For the case of
normal ALT levels or slightly above BAN, differences of sect. The
first approach requires immediate treatment.
The second school of
thought, the patient should be closely monitored before treatment. 
During the monitoring period, patients should be 4-5 times to go to the lab to
undergo liver function tests every 1-2 months.
Liver function tests
here is not just a test SGOT and SGPT.
There are many other
components of blood chemistry that needs to be checked. To
be sure, doctors need to do a biopsy.
A small segment of
the liver tissue samples taken for examination by microscope. If
the results of the examination showed normal values, patients may be a little
relieved. He just needs to control for another
year. However, if the circuit examination
showed the patient had been hurt, he should be encouraged to undergo therapy. </div>
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can cause liver damage.
HCV infection is
spread primarily by direct contact of blood-to-blood. Most
people infected with hepatitis C through injecting drug use with shared needles
interchangeably. Up to 90% of people who ever injected
drugs, even once, was infected with HCV.
Some people are also
infected with HCV through unprotected sex.
This risk is
especially high for men who have sex with men, people with other sexually
transmitted infections, people with multiple sex partners, and those who
perform a sexual activity that causes bleeding, for example, put your hand on
the anal (fisting). HCV can also be transmitted by
tattooing equipment. Some people are also infected in health
facilities, through inadvertently punctured with needles or other instruments
that are not sterile. HCV can also be transmitted through
blood transfusion, although blood donors in Indonesia screened for HCV. </div>
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Hepatitis C treatment as early as possible is very important. Although
your body has to fight against infection, but only 15% were successful, the treatment
is still needed to prevent chronic hepatitis C and helps reduce the possibility
of a broken heart. 
Sometimes, the treatment of hepatitis C requires a long time, and can not help. But
because the disease can become severe over time, it is important to seek the
right treatment from your doctor.
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Early diagnosis and treatment is urgent and important. A
significant percentage of people who do it can recover from Hepatitis C and
showed his improvement. Goal of treatment is to eliminate the
Hepatitis C virus from your body as early as possible to prevent the
development of worsening and end stage liver disease. 
Course of the disease is indeed impressive sinister disease. But
according to doctors Superior Budihusodo, SpPD, of subsection Hepatology, University
of Indonesia Faculty of Medicine, patients with hepatitis C can be cured if
diagnosed and treated early. Moreover, the
development of hepatitis to cirrhosis or liver cancer may take a dozen to tens
of years. </div>
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"When
patients infected with hepatitis C virus was detected at a young age and get
immediate treatment, the chance of recovery is quite large, up to 80
percent," said Dr. Excellence in Hepatitis C Issues seminar in Indonesia,
which was held in Jakarta some time ago.
 
Leading doctors say, there are several factors that influence the success of
drug therapies, namely the type of virus, the amount of virus in the body, the
patient's age, condition of liver disease, when therapy is initiated, as well
as patient compliance in therapy.
"Patients who are
younger generally greater chances of recovery," he said. In
addition, patients infected with hepatitis C virus type 2 and type 3 were
successfully cured many. "Unfortunately, the type of virus
that many in our country are type 1 is more stubborn," he said. To
determine the genotype of the virus, patients are required to do blood tests. </div>
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This
virus genotype will determine the course of treatment that should be done. Patients
with hepatitis C virus type 2 and 3 only require treatment for 6 months. Whereas
patients with type 1 virus must take medication for 12 months. </div>
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Liver disease experts today recommend combination therapy of interferon and an
antiviral drug called ribavirin as the best choice of drugs for hepatitis C. This
drug is injected once a week for several months depending on the genotype of
the virus. Most forms of Interferon Alfa
could only last one day but can be modified through Pegylation process to make
it last longer. Although interferon alfa can be used as
a single drug, including hepatitis C pegylated interferon, showed more
effective when combined with anti-viral ribavirin. </div>
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3 (three) compounds
used in the treatment of Hepatitis C are:</div>
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<li>Alfa interferon is a protein made naturally by the human body to boost the immune system / immunity and regulate the function of other cells. Recommended drugs for chronic hepatitis C is of interferon Alfa can be in the form of natural or synthetic. </li>
<li>Pegylated Interferon Alfa, made by combining water-soluble molecules called "Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)" with interferon alpha molecule. This modification of interferon alpha longer exist in the body, and studies have shown more effective in making a response to the virus survive from chronic hepatitis C patients compared to interferon alfa usual.</li>
<li>Ribavirin is an antiviral medicine that is used with interferon alfa for chronic hepatitis C treatment. Ribavirin alone is not effective when used against the Hepatitis C virus, but with a combination of interferon alfa, is more effective than interferon alfa alone.</li>
</ol>
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This
treatment has been accepted by the ability to generate a response against the
virus in patients with chronic hepatitis C disease. Patient
is said to have a response against the virus if the number of Hepatitis C virus
is so low that it was undetectable in standard tests Hepatitis C virus RNA and
if the level remains undetectable for more than 6 months after treatment is
completed. </div>
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Source: </div>
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 </div>
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http://kesehatan.kompas.com/read/2009/10/23/11194643/ 
http://medicastore.com/hepatitis_c/pengobatan_hepatitis_c.htm 
http://spiritia.or.id/li/bacali.php?lino=506</div>

By djendrals Liver disorder itself it is diversified, with the number of patients was small. Number of people with hepatitis C only a...

KNOWING HEPATITIS C

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">By <a href="https://www.djendrals.my.id/?m=1" target="_blank">djendrals</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
The
liver is one of a number of the most important organs in the human body has
about 500 functions vital to the sustainability of the process of metabolism.
It is therefore unlikely that a man can maintain his health without the
presence of liver. </div>
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Some
of the functions include: </div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Changing toxins, residues of
 drugs, alcohol and harmful substances produced by the body into elements
 that can be received by other organs to be removed through the kidneys and
 intestines. Many types of drugs should be digested in the liver before it
 works perfectly. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Red blood cells break down old
 and changed hemoglobin (the substance that carries oxygen in red blood
 cells) into bile, and then channeled into the gallbladder for later
 purposes. If required, this bile is excreted into the intestine to help
 absorb vitamins and lipid emulsion is needed from food consumption. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Produce, store and distribute
 glucose to all parts of the body. Besides also oversees cholesterol levels
 in the blood, process and produce as many as needed. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Process the protein, as
 required to produce high levels of blood viscosity, to send nutrients to
 other organs and partly serves to produce immunity on infection. </li>
</ol>
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Other
functions are: </div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Processing carbohydrates, fats,
 protein and alcohol </li>
</ul>
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Digest
and produce bilirubin (from red blood cells), cholesterol, hormones and
medications. </div>
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Hepatitis C is a type of virus that attacks the liver. When
these viruses multiply, the virus kills liver cells and provoke the immune
system to fight back. This reaction can be fatal attack on the liver as
inflammation and / or scarring / fibrosis of the liver. If this continues to be
allowed to happen without treatment can result in the occurrence of serious
liver damage such as cirrhosis (hardening of the liver due to scarring) or
liver cancer. </div>
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 Most people who are infected with hepatitis C virus
progress to chronic hepatitis C. The infection becomes chronic (chronic)
because the immune system is no longer able to fight this virus. </div>
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You might think these conditions will make you increasingly
feel the pain over time. But keep in mind, for most people, hepatitis C are
asymptomatic, which means they do not feel any symptoms for years after
infection with hepatitis C. No one can be sure whether these symptoms will
occur at a later time. </div>
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Do not feel the symptoms of hepatitis C virus does not mean
not being damaging your liver. The virus can linger in your body without giving
a definite symptom. In fact, many people who do not feel the symptoms until
severe liver damage occur. That is why it is very important to test and consult
with your doctor about the treatment of hepatitis C. </div>
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Hepatitis
C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV = hepatitis C virus).
Hepatitis C virus entry into liver cells, using the genetic machinery of the
cell to duplicate the Hepatitis C virus, and infect many other cells. 15% of
cases of Hepatitis C infection is acute, meaning that the body automatically clean
and there are no consequences. Unfortunately 85% of cases, hepatitis C
infection becomes chronic and slowly damages the liver for years. In that time,
the liver can be broken into cirrhosis (hardening of the liver),
end-stage liver disease and liver cancer. </div>
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 </div>
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 Diagnosis of Hepatitis C </div>
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Early
diagnosis is through a simple blood test to detect the presence of Hepatitis C
virus or the amount of virus present in the body tissues. If a virus is
detected in your body this means you have Hepatitis C. Then the doctor will
check the health of your heart. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
The
most common way used to examine or liver problems is through a liver function
test, a blood test that checks the chemicals in the body that is produced by
the liver to perform its functions work: </div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - an enzyme which, when under normal circumstances
 inside the liver cells and in the blood. When liver cells damaged, these
 enzymes leak into the bloodstream, causing levels of ALT (SGPT) increased.
 Test ALT (SGPT) is only done once can not necessarily indicate how severe
 the destruction that has occurred and often people with chronic hepatitis
 C have levels of ALT (SGPT) normal. Other liver enzymes are usually
 measured through blood tests are AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase / Alanine
 Aminotransferase), GGT (Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase), and alkaline
 phosphatase.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Bilirubin - a yellow pigment that is channeled into the heart
 when the red blood cells burst. If the liver is not working properly then the
 levels of bilirubin in the blood will rise.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Albumin - a protein that is produced by the liver. Albumin may
 reflect a decrease in the number of poor liver function.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Prothrombin time - When it is damaged, the liver will fail to produce
 blood clotting substances in sufficient quantities. This test measures the
 clotting ability of blood. On impaired liver function Prothrombin Time
 (PT) compounds.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Complete blood count - complete blood count can help detect common conditions
 / whole liver. </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
If
necessary your doctor may also perform a liver biopsy is a procedure that is
done by taking a small piece of liver tissue using a biopsy needle, which is
then analyzed under a microscope by a pathologist. Liver biopsy is usually
recommended for diagnosis of heart abnormalities or to determine the severity
of liver abnormalities. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
 </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Transmission of Hepatitis C </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
Hepatitis
C virus is a virus contained in the blood, meaning the virus is spread /
transmitted through blood and blood products. Mode of transmission generally
include: </div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Needle puncture wound in health
 circles. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Blood transfusion before mid
 1992 (after the 1992, blood banks began screening strictly for Hepatitis C
 by applying an effective way of checking).</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Injecting drug use (eg, use of
 the same syringe alternately). </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
Other modes of transmission include:
</div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Acupuncture and piercings on
 the body with needles that are not sterilized or cleaned as appropriate.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Tattoos using a needle that is
 not sterilized or contaminated ink.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Use of personal care items
 alternately (eg. razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers) and household
 appliances that have been exposed to blood.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Cocaine use suction by using a
 straw or other similar device alternately between users. Use a straw to
 suck cocaine can lead to blood contact through cuts or scratches on the
 nose. </li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Sexual activity that causes
 bleeding or blood contact between an infected partner and are not infected
 (eg. through an open wound). </li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
Hepatitis
C virus is not transmitted through casual contact such as hugging, sneezing,
coughing or sitting close to people with Hepatitis C. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
Hepatitis
C is rarely transmitted through sexual activity. However, there is a tendency
for those who have multiple sexual partners also have a higher risk for
hepatitis C virus infection </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
One
- the only way to protect yourself is to avoid risky sexual behavior, such as
sexual intercourse with multiple partners or with a partner that health status
is not clear. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
Although
rare, Hepatitis C can also be transmitted from mother to child during
childbirth. Most research has estimated that the risk of transmission in this
way increased by 8%. Breastfeeding has not been found to be associated with the
transmission of hepatitis C virus   </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
 
If you or your partner suffer from
Hepatitis C, and you (if you're a wife) or your wife (if you are a husband) is
pregnant or you and your partner are planning to have children, you should
consult with your doctor about the precautions necessary performed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 5pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
A
person who is infected with Hepatitis C can infect other people 2 weeks after
infection on her. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
By knowing the mode of transmission, then we can try to prevent
contracting Hepatitis C.</div>

By djendrals The liver is one of a number of the most important organs in the human body has about 500 functions vital to the sustainabi...

Saturday, March 10, 2012

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By djendrals Prenatal vitamins are an important source of folate and other vital nutrients during pregnancy. And many women, with the popul...

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By djendrals Depression is a disorder that does not get nearly enough attention. Depressed people are often told to "cheer up" or...

Wednesday, October 19, 2011

HEMANGIOMA

<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">By <a href="https://www.djendrals.my.id/?m=1" target="_blank">djendrals</a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Hemangioma is a lesion that growth can be predicted, these lesions can be evoluted, and also aimed at vascular lesions found in adults who do not experience regression and sometimes experienced progression. The origins of the terminology on the basis of the appearance of abnormalities and maternal impressions, such as strawberry hemangiomas, cherry angiomas, port-wine stains and salmon patches. Virchow then make a histopathological classification of the first, divided into three: angioma simplex, angioma cavernosum, and angioma racemosim, and ambiguous terminology is still survive in the modern medical books until now. Diagnosis for these lesions is really not easy to do because naming of the description of ambiguous and not appropriate proficiency level, therefore, clinical correlation is needed to make a final diagnosis.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"> 
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">CLASSIFICATION<a class="cssButton" href="javascript:void(0)" id="publishButton" target=""></a> 
<div class="cssButtonOuter"><div class="cssButtonMiddle"><div class="cssButtonInner"><a class="cssButton" href="javascript:void(0)" id="publishButton" target=""></a></div></div></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"></div>Mulliken and Glowacki in 1982 proposed a classification system for vascular birthmarks that connects the history of the emergence of these birthmarks and physical examination with the cellular picture. They divided the vascular lesions of infancy and the kids into two major types: hemangiomas, with endothelial hyperplasia, and malformations, with normal endothelial changes. The key of the terminology is the word "oma" is derived from the Greek language, which was originally meaning "a lump or tumor". When this suffix is used for a term that describes lesions that grow from the cell proliferation. Most of hemangioma during infancy did not appear at birth but appear postnatally. Grew rapidly during the first year (proliferative phase), slowed, then regresses spontaneously in childhood (involuting phase), and then stabilized (involuted phase). 
 Histologically, proliferative phase has the character of an increase in mitotic activity, whereas in apoptotic phase of involution occurs, fibrosis occurs slowly and infiiltrasi fat. While the vascular malformation is a wrong morphogenesis that appear at 40-10 weeks in intrauterine life. Most of the vascular malformations appear at birth, or not appear at birth but appear a year later. If it has appeared it will continue to grow in proportion with the growth of the patient, however, rapid growth can grow due to trauma, hormonal changes, thrombosis, infection, or surgical intervention. In histology, vascular malformations have kareakteristik canal dilated, with an abnormal vascular wall, and endothelial quiet. There are classifies hemangiomas as follows: Superficial, Deep, Mixed, based on the location of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. It would be more appropriate terminology for these two disorders based on the use classification of vascular anomalies.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">FREQUENCY 
Eighty percent growth as a single tumor, 20% multiple. Hemangiomas appear more in women than in men, with a ratio of 3-5:1. Incidence is more on baby as much as 10-12% were white, and about 22% found in premature infants weighing less than 1000 grams.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 
Hemangioma is a vascular network consisting of endothelial cells to proliferate. Proliferation is not regular at first, but over time become a regular form blood vessels in the form of lobules with lumen containing blood cells. Growth properties of endothelial cells is benign and has a thin basal membrane. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Proliferation is slowed and eventually stopped. The hypothesis of Takahashi stated that in the last trimester of pregnancy, the fetus is formed in the immature endothelial cells with pericyte is also immature, have the ability to perform limited proliferation began at age 8 months to 18 months of the first period of life after being born so there was hemangioma. During the proliferative activity of the endothelium occurs influx of a number of mast cells (as a proliferative stimulus endothelium) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP or tissue growth inhibitors). Endothelium proliferation returned to normal after stopping the proliferation phase (involution).</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> 
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">RESULT AND PROGNOSIS</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Most hemangiomas occur during the early months of life, proliferates and peaked at age 1 year, and after it undergoes involution slowly. 50% experienced a complete involution by age 5 years. Seventy percent at age 7 years, and continued improvement until the age of 10-12 years. The exception of congenital hemangioma, which appear at birth usually regresses by age 1 year. Unlike vascular malformations, hemangiomas rarely cause distortion of the bones and excess growth except for a large facial hemangioma.</div>

By djendrals Hemangioma is a lesion that growth can be predicted, these lesions can be evoluted, and also aimed at vascular lesions found i...

Saturday, September 24, 2011

MENSTRUAL DISORDERS - MENORRHAGIA AND DYSMENORRHOEA

<div style="text-align: justify;">By <a href="https://www.djendrals.my.id/?m=1" target="_blank">djendrals</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Abnormalities of menstruation is most reason for women to visit obstetricians and gynecology, and menorrhagia are the most frequent cause in women with iron deficiency anemia in the western world. Menstrual disorders can be found abnormalities of blood ejected from the amount or duration of bleeding that occurs each cycle. Menstrual abnormalities that can be encountered is amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> 
</div><div style="color: orange; text-align: justify;">AMENORRHOEA</div><div style="text-align: justify;">A symptom of ovarian dysfunction and reproductive systems are usually associated with infertility problems. His definition is a state of menstruation are not acquired more than 6 months (not in a state of pregnancy). Amenorrhoea can be divided into:</div><ol><li>Primary amenorrhoea, if a woman never got a period until the age of 16 years.</li>
<li>Secondary amenorrhoea is the absence of menstruation for more than 6 months in women who usually have irregular menstrual cycles or up to 12 months in women who usually experience oligomenorrhoea.</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;">The cause of amenorrhoea is known to date are:</div><ol><li>Physiological; prepubertal, gestation, lactation, Postmenopouse.</li>
<li>Pathological; Congenital testicular feminization, the absence of the uterus, imperforate hymen.</li>
<li>Hipotalamic; Congenital - Kallman's syndrome, Learned - weight loss, excessive exercise, craniopharyngioma.</li>
<li>Pituitary; Tumor - prolactinoma, Infarction - Sheehan's syndrome, Iatrogenic damage - surgery, radiotherapy.</li>
<li>Ovary; Congenital - gonadotropin receptor abnormalities, ovarian resistance syndrome, ovarian dysgenesis, Learned - radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, autoimmune disease.</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;">As for amennorrhoea primer, because: 
Delay Puberty, familial, nutritional, Delay adrenarche, Congenital structural abnormalities, imperforate hymen, Absence of the uterus or vagina (chromosome abnormalities). 
 
The successful management of amenorrhoea depends on accurate diagnosis and assessment of patient needs. Patients should be given an explanation of fertility problem, hirsutism, delayed secondary sexual development and protection against osteoporosis. In addition to history and thorough physical examination, investigations are also needed, especially those leading to endocrine disorders. 
 
Therapy 
Women with ovarian disorders requiring sex steroid hormone therapy with estrogen and progesterone are periodic. Estrogen deficiency can adversely impact bone and blood vessels, and therefore there is a suspicion in women with Turner syndrome was not optimal bone growth and higher risk for fracture. In addition to hormone replacement therapy that can improve fertility in patients with ovarian disorders. 
In women with low concentrations of gonadotropins required ovulation induction with gonadotropin therapy. 
 
MENORRHAGIA 
Are spending too much blood and is usually accompanied by blood clots during menstruation, occurs in menstruation with regular cycle. Normal amount of blood ejected each period is about 50 ml, but the upper limit of normal menstrual bleeding was 80 ml. Causes of menorrhagia can be divided into four categories:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Coagulation Disorders, The incidence of menorrhagia is closely linked to conditions such as thrombocytopenic purpura and von Willebrand's disease. In women with thrombocytopenia, excessive menstrual blood can be attributed to the low number of platelets that is when menstruation occurs. In these circumstances, splenectomi known to lower the amount of blood loss significantly. However, excessive menstrual bleeding can also be found on the state of the normal coagulation system.</li>
<li>Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding, Is abnormal bleeding from the uterus (long, frequency, amount) that occurs within and outside the menstrual cycle, with no organ abnormalities, hematological and pregnancy, and an abnormal process of hypothalamic - pituitary - ovarian.</li>
<li>Suspected menorrhagia associated with uterine fibroids, pelvic infections, endometrial polyps, foreign bodies such as an intrauterine device, myometrial hypertrophy and vascular abnormalities.</li>
<li>Medical Disorders, Menorrhagia associated with various endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease hipothiroidism and although the mechanism is unknown. If thyroid disease is the cause, need to look for other symptoms such as abnormal weight gain, hair loss and constipation.</li>
</ol>DYSMENORRHOEA 
Dysmenorrhoea means painful menstruation. A symptom complex, accompanied by cramps in the lower abdomen. Pain radiating to the back and legs, and usually accompanied by gastrointestinal disorders, neurological and malaise. Pain may be felt before, during and after menstruation. Could be colic or continuously. Based on the etiology, dysmenorrhoe can be divided into 2 primary dysmenorrhoea and secondary dysmenorrhoea. 
<ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Dysmenorrhoea primary (idiopathic). There are various theories that explain why women may experience dysmenorrhoea (uterine hyperactivity, endothelins, prostaglandins, vasopressin).</li>
<li>Secondary Dysmenorrhoea. This situation can be associated with abnormalities of the pelvis and uterus such as fibroids, IUDs, PID, adenomyosis, endometriosis or cervical stenosis. The cause of the pain itself is not so clear and the use of inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis is not very effective to eliminate the pain. </li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;">To search for the etiology of menorrhagia and dysmenorhoea, required a complete diagnose. Characteristics to look for bleeding. Bleeding a lot, regular, cyclic without any spotting between cycles can lead to dysfunctional uterine bleeding. While the history of progressive pain during menstruation and is accompanied disparenia can lead to endometriosis. Similarly Asked postkoitus pelvic pain and bleeding. Risk factor for endometrial carcinoma such as the use of tamoxifen, estrogen therapy, polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity should always be sought in the diagnose. On physical examination may be obtained hipoparatiroid symptoms, anemia or blood clotting disorder. Abdominal and pelvic examination is mandatory in patients with complaints of menorrhagia. In the laboratory examination of hemoglobin should not be overlooked when the patient's complaint is menorrhagia, and iron supplementation should be given when needed. Examination of TSH and T4 are not absolutely necessary, unless there are other things that lead to a state of thyroid disorders. Besides intra-uterine examination is also necessary to assess the direction of malignancy, which is usually found in women over the age of 45 years with irregular bleeding and acquired risk factors.</div> 
MENORRHAGIA AND DYSMENORRHOEA MANAGEMENT 
Management that existed at the time is divided into three parts, namely: 
<ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Non-hormonal (synthetic prostaglandin inhibitors, antifibrinolitik and ethamsylate). Antifibrinolitik commonly used is that tranexamic acid can reduce menstrual bleeding by 50%. These drugs are quite effective with minimal side effects that depend on the dose. NSAIDs is an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis which is the drug chosen for menorrhagia. The principle works is to decrease the concentration of endometrial prostaglandins. The drugs are usually used mefenamic acid, but keep in mind the side effects of gastrointestinal disorders such as dyspepsia syndrome, nausea and diarrhea. Ethamsylate believed to decrease capillary fragility of the endometrium, but not yet widely used because the results vary.</li>
<li>Hormonal (progesterone, oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy). Synthetic progesterone is used widely for the treatment of menorrhagia. The effect thus suppress endometrial glands are depleted and epithelium and decidual transformation that is formed thinner. There are several types of cyclic progesterone as progesterone, progesterone or progesterone intrauterine sustainable. In addition progesterone may also be given estrogen-progesterone combinations such as danazol or GnRH analogues.</li>
<li>Surgical treatment. There are several things you can do with the way surgery is hysterectomy, endometrial ablation techniques and endometrial resection transervikal by way of thermal balloon and microwave endometrial ablation.</li>
</ol>

By djendrals Abnormalities of menstruation is most reason for women to visit obstetricians and gynecology, and menorrhagia are the most fre...